![]() Thus, infiltration of PC by CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes indicates good prognosis, while infiltration by immunosuppressive CD4 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) has a negative prognostic impact. 4 Importantly, the prognosis of PC is not only dictated by cancer cell-autonomous alterations. However, after a latency HSPC usually progresses to castration-resistant PC (CRPC), then requiring more toxic treatments including chemotherapy before the final switch to palliative care. 3 ADT is also the therapy of choice for metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (HSPC). ![]() 2 High-risk localized PC is initially treated by radical prostatectomy and/or local radiotherapy, often together with adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) by surgical castration (bilateral orchiectomy), chemical castration (subcutaneously injected gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists) or antiandrogens (orally administered drugs such as abiraterone or enzalutamide that inhibit androgen synthesis or the nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor, respectively). 1 Driven by a heterogeneous set of oncogenic drivers, PC usually develops in a multistep process from benign hypertrophy through adenoma to adenocarcinoma that first invades local tissues and then disseminates to distant sites. Prostate cancer (PC) is the most prevalent malignant disease in men, affecting the vast majority of octogenarians.
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